2025年中考数学二轮专题复习- 专题五 二次函数与几何综合高效拆分特训(含答案)
2025年中考数学二轮专题复习
专题五 二次函数与几何综合高效拆分特训
INCLUDEPICTURE"标1.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\标1.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 特训26 二次函数中的线段问题INCLUDEPICTURE"标2.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\标2.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
INCLUDEPICTURE"条单.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 模型解读
INCLUDEPICTURE"SK18-43.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\SK18-43.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SK18-43.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 如图①,AB∥x轴,AB=|xA-xB|.如图②,AB∥y轴,AB=|yA-yB|.如图③,根据勾股定理,AB=.
INCLUDEPICTURE"条单.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 典题训练
如图,在平面直角坐标系中,已知正方形ABCD的顶点A的坐标为(0,-1),顶点B的坐标为(4,-1),顶点C在第一象限内,抛物线y=-x2+bx+c(b,c为常数)的顶点P为正方形对角线AC上一动点.
(1)当抛物线经过A,B两点时,求抛物线的解析式;
(2)若抛物线与直线AC相交于另一点Q(Q非抛物线顶点,且Q在第一象限内),
求证:PQ的长是定值;
(3)根据(2)的结论,取BC的中点N,请直接写出NP+BQ的最小值为________.
INCLUDEPICTURE"SK18-44.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\SK18-44.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SK18-44.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
INCLUDEPICTURE"标1.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\标1.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 特训27 二次函数中的面积求值INCLUDEPICTURE"标2.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\标2.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
INCLUDEPICTURE"条单.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 模型解读
INCLUDEPICTURE"SK18-45.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\SK18-45.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SK18-45.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 割补法1(如图):S△PAB=S梯形AMNB-S△PAM-S△PBN. INCLUDEPICTURE"SK18-46.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\SK18-46.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SK18-46.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 割补法2(如图):S△PBC=S△POC+S△POB-S△OBC.
INCLUDEPICTURE"SK18-47.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\SK18-47.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SK18-47.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 铅垂法(如图):P为待定点,A,B为定点S△PAB=|xB-xA|·|yP-yQ|.过待定点P作y轴的平行线,交两定点所在的直线AB于点Q,计算量相对较小.
INCLUDEPICTURE"SK18-48.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\SK18-48.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SK18-48.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 平行转化法(如图):作平行,利用同底等高的方式进行转化.方法:过点P作PD∥AC,得到S△PAC=S△ADC.
INCLUDEPICTURE"条单.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 典题训练
1.如图,二次函数y=-(x-2)2+m的图象与y轴交于点C,点B与点C关于该抛物线的对称轴对称,连接BC.已知一次函数y=kx+b的图象经过该二次函数图象上的点A(3,0)及点C.在直线AC下方的抛物线上存在点Q,使S△ACQ=S△ACB(点Q不与点B重合),则点Q的坐标为________.
INCLUDEPICTURE"SK18-49.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\SK18-49.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SK18-49.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
2.如图,抛物线y=x2-x-2与x轴交于A,B两点,与y轴交于点C,抛物线的顶点为D,对称轴为直线l.连接AC,CD,BD,则四边形ACDB的面积为________.
INCLUDEPICTURE"SK18-50.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\SK18-50.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SK18-50.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
INCLUDEPICTURE"标1.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\标1.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 特训28 二次函数中的面积最值INCLUDEPICTURE"标2.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\标2.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
INCLUDEPICTURE"条单.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 方法整合
面积比转化为底的比;面积比转化为高的比.
INCLUDEPICTURE"条单.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 典题训练
如图,在平面直角坐标系中,直线y=x+3与x轴交于点A,与y轴交于点B,抛物线y=ax2-2x+c经过A,B两点,与x轴的另一个交点为C.D为直线AB上方抛物线上一动点,连接DA,DB,DC,BC,设△DAB的面积为S1,△DBC的面积为S2,求S1+S2的最大值,并求出此时点D的坐标.
INCLUDEPICTURE"SK18-51.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\SK18-51.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SK18-51.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
【变式题】如图,在平面直角坐标系中,抛物线y=-x2+x+4与x轴交于A,B两点,与y轴交于点C,连接BC,点P是抛物线在第一象限内的一个动点.过点P作PF⊥BC,垂足为F,过点C作CD⊥BC,交x轴于点D,连接DP交BC于点E,连接CP.设△PEF的面积为S1,△PEC的面积为S2,当最大时,点P的坐标为________.
INCLUDEPICTURE"SK18-52.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\SK18-52.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SK18-52.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
INCLUDEPICTURE"标1.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\标1.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 特训29 二次函数中角的关系INCLUDEPICTURE"标2.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\标2.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
INCLUDEPICTURE"条单.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 模型解读
1.平面直角坐标系中45°角的问题,可利用角的一边上特殊点为直角顶点,构造等腰直角三角形,通过旋转的特征求出第三个顶点坐标,从而得到斜边的直线解析式.2.平面直角坐标系中30°或60°角的问题,还是构造直角三角形,通过K字型相似求出第三个顶点坐标,从而得到斜边的直线解析式.3.等角问题,可通过平行线、全等或相似求出相应点的坐标,从而得到直线解析式, 再求直线与抛物线的交点坐标.4.与角平分线有关的倍角问题,可利用角平分线的性质,结合勾股定理或相似求出相应点的坐标,从而得到直线解析式,再求直线与抛物线的交点坐标.与角平分线无关的倍角问题,通常利用平行线转化为等角问题.
INCLUDEPICTURE"条单.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\条单.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 典题训练
1.如图,在平面直角坐标系中,抛物线y=-x2+2x+3与x轴交于点A和点B,与y轴交于点C.M是抛物线在第一象限上的点,∠MAB=∠ACO,则点M的横坐标为________.
INCLUDEPICTURE"SK18-53.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\SK18-53.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SK18-53.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
2.如图,在平面直角坐标系中,二次函数y=-x2-3x+4的图象与x轴交于A,B两点(点A在点B的左侧),与y轴交于点C,作直线AC.D为直线AC上方抛物线上的一个动点,横坐标为m,过点D作DF⊥x轴于点F,交直线AC于点E.当∠ACD=2∠BAC时,求点D的坐标.
INCLUDEPICTURE"SK18-54.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\课件\中考福建数学\SK18-54.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SK18-54.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
专题五 二次函数与几何综合高效拆分特训 答案
特训26 二次函数中的线段问题
(1)解:把A(0,-1),B(4,-1)的坐标代入y=-x2+bx+c,得
解得
∴抛物线的解析式为y=-x2+2x-1.
(2)证明:∵四边形ABCD为正方形,AB=4,
∴C(4,3).
设直线AC的解析式为y=mx+n,
把A(0,-1),C(4,3)的坐标代入,得
解得
∴直线AC的解析式为y=x-1.
∵y=-x2+bx+c=-(x-b)2+c+b2,
∴顶点P的坐标为,
把P代入y=x-1,得c+b2=b-1,即b2-2b=-2c-2,
设P(x1,x1-1),Q(x2,x2-1),则x1,x2为方程-x2+bx+c=x-1的两根,
整理为x2-2(b-1)x-2-2c=0,
∴x1+x2=2(b-1),x1x2=-2-2c,
∴PQ2=2(x1-x2)2=2[(x1+x2)2-4x1x2]=2[4(b-1)2-4(-2-2c)]=8(b2-2b+1+2+2c)=8,
∴PQ=2,即PQ的长是定值.
(3)2
特训27 二次函数中的面积求值
1.(-1,-8)
2.
特训28 二次函数中的面积最值
解:∵直线y=x+3与x轴交于点A,与y轴交于点B,
∴当x=0时,y=3,
∴B(0,3),
当y=0时,x+3=0,解得x=-3,
∴A(-3,0).
将点A,B的坐标代入y=ax2-2x+c,得
解得
INCLUDEPICTURE"SKD-21.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SKD-21.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
∴抛物线的解析式为y=-x2-2x+3.
当y=0时,-x2-2x+3=0,解得x1=-3,x2=1,
∴C(1,0).
如图,过点D作DE∥y轴交AB于点E,
设点D(m,-m2-2m+3),则点E(m,m+3),
S1+S2=S△DAB+(S△DAB+S△ABC-S△ADC)
=2S△ADB+S△ABC-S△ADC
=DE×OA+×AC×OB-×AC×yD
=(-m2-2m+3-m-3)×3+×4×3-×4×(-m2-2m+3)
=-m2-5m
=-+≤,当m=-时取等号,
则S1+S2的最大值为,此时m=-,点D.
【变式题】(2,4)
特训29 二次函数中角的关系
1.
2.解:令y=0,得-x2-3x+4=0,解得x1=1,x2=-4.
∴A(-4,0),B(1,0).
令x=0,得y=4,
∴C(0,4).
设直线AC的解析式为y=kx+b,将点A,C的坐标代入,得解得
∴直线AC的解析式为y=x+4.
如图,过点C作CG⊥DF于点G,易得四边形OCGF是矩形,
INCLUDEPICTURE"SKD-22.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\Users\庞建宇\Desktop\中考数学福建\SKD-22.tif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
∴GF=OC=4,CG∥AB,
∴∠ACG=∠BAC.
∵∠ACD=2∠BAC,
∴∠ACG=∠DCG,
∴90°-∠ACG=90°-∠DCG,
即∠CED=∠CDE,
∴CD=CE.
又∵CG⊥DF,
∴DG=EG.
∵D为直线AC上方抛物线上的一个动点,横坐标为m,DF⊥x轴于点F,
∴-4
∴DG=EG=GF-EF=-m,
∴DF=DG+GF=-m+4,
∴D(m,-m+4),
将点D(m,-m+4)的坐标代入y=-x2-3x+4,
得-m+4=-m2-3m+4,
解得m1=-2,m2=0(不符合题意,舍去),
∴点D的坐标为(-2,6).
精品试卷·第 2 页 (共 2 页)
HYPERLINK "()
" ()
0 条评论